The United States Congress Passed The Kansas Nebraska Act

n 1854, the U.S. Congress passed the Kansas-Nebraska Act, which basically opened all new domains to servitude by declaring the guideline of well known sway over congressional decree. Master and abolitionist servitude strengths battled viciously in Draining Kansas, while resistance to the demonstration in the North prompted the development of the Republican Party, another political substance in light of the standard of restricting subjection s expansion into the western domains. After the Supreme Court s decision in the Dred Scott case (1857) affirmed the lawfulness of subjugation in the regions, the abolitionist John Brown s attack at Harper s Ferry in 1859 persuaded increasingly southerners that their northern neighbors were twisted†¦show more content†¦Beauregard. Four more southern states–Virginia, Arkansas, North Carolina and Tennessee–joined the Confederacy after Fort Sumter. Outskirt slave states like Missouri, Kentucky and Maryland did not withdraw, but rather there was much Confederate sensitivity among their nationals. In spite of the fact that at first glance the Civil War may have appeared an unbalanced clash, with the 23 conditions of the Union getting a charge out of a gigantic point of preference in populace, fabricating (counting arms creation) and railroad development, the Confederates had a solid military convention, alongside a portion of the best officers and commandants in the country. They likewise had a cause they trusted in: safeguarding their long-held customs and foundations, boss among these being subjection. In the First Battle of Bull Run (referred to in the South as First Manassas) on July 21, 1861, 35,000 Confederate fighters under the order of Thomas Jonathan Stonewall Jackson constrained a more noteworthy number of Union powers (or Federals) to withdraw towards Washington, D.C., dashing any trusts of a speedy Union triumph and driving Lincoln to call for 500,000 more enlists. Indeed, both sides underlying call for troops must be broadened after it turned out to be clear that the war would not be a constrained or short clash. The Civil War in Virginia (1862) George B. McClellan–who supplanted the maturing General Winfield Scott as

The Ethical Dilemmas That Arises From The Employer

Moral Rights in the Work Place Abstract Many questions on privacy and electronic monitoring of employees make complex answer. This paper will explain the ethical dilemmas that arises from the employer. Research Question: Privacy and Electronic Monitoring in the Work Place? Introduction: Work is one of the most important and highly valued human activities in large part because it is necessary for so many other central human goods. Moral Rights and Work are connected because by the actions of others opportunities to work can be jeopardized. The expansion and proliferation of technology has dawned a new era. Employers can easily monitor various side of their employee’s jobs with the help of technology especially on computers†¦show more content†¦Around two-thirds of employers monitor their employees’ web site visits in order to prevent inappropriate surfing according to American Management Association (AMA). And 65% use software to block connections to web sites deemed off limits for employees. This is a 27% increase since 2001 when the survey was first conducted. Employers are motivated by concern over litigation and the increasing role that electronic evidence plays in lawsuits and government agency investigations. One hand it is necessary to monitor the employees’ because to protect the business from legal liabilities and produce more efficient employees and sometimes to stop the misuse of electronic resources. According to (Bezek, Britton, 2001) Workplace monitoring can be beneficial for an organization to obtain productivity and efficiency from its employees. Big fortune companies like Microsoft and Apple monitor each and every single call in their call centers so they can get to know about the quality of call and interaction of their employees with the customers but employees already knows that their call is being monitored by their supervisor. That shows transparency in the policy. According to California state law on California Public Utilities Commission, organizations monitoring phone calls are required to inform participants of the recording or monitoring of the conversation by either putting a beep tone on the line or playing a recorded

Lamb The Gospel According to Biff, Christ’s Childhood Pal Chapter 3 Free Essays

string(66) " we could see the crowd of mourners gathering around the village\." Chapter 3 The angel will tell me nothing of what happened to my friends, of the twelve, of Maggie. All he’ll say is that they are dead and that I have to write my own version of the story. Oh, he’ll tell me useless angel stories – of how Gabriel disappeared once for sixty years and they found him on earth hiding in the body of a man named Miles Davis, or how Raphael snuck out of heaven to visit Satan and returned with something called a cell phone. We will write a custom essay sample on Lamb: The Gospel According to Biff, Christ’s Childhood Pal Chapter 3 or any similar topic only for you Order Now (Evidently everyone has them in hell now.) He watches the television and when they show an earthquake or a tornado he’ll say, â€Å"I destroyed a city with one of those once. Mine was better.† I am awash in useless angel prattle, but about my own time I know nothing but what I saw. And when the television makes mention of Joshua, calling him by his Greek name, Raziel changes the channel before I can learn anything. He never sleeps. He just watches me, watches the television, and eats. He never leaves the room. Today, while searching for extra towels, I opened one of the drawers and there, beneath a plastic bag meant for laundry, I found a book: Holy Bible, it said on the cover. Thank the Lord I did not take the book from the drawer, but opened it with my back to the angel. There are chapters there that were in no Bible I know. I saw the names of Matthew and John, I saw Romans and Galatians – this is a book of my time. â€Å"What are you doing?† the angel asked. I covered the Bible and closed the drawer. â€Å"Looking for towels. I need to bathe.† â€Å"You bathed yesterday.† â€Å"Cleanliness is important to my people.† â€Å"I know that. What, you think I don’t know that?† â€Å"You’re not exactly the brightest halo in the bunch.† â€Å"Then bathe. And stand away from the television.† â€Å"Why don’t you go get me some towels?† â€Å"I’ll call down to the desk.† And he did. If I am to get a look at that book, I must get the angel to leave the room. It came to pass that in the village of Japhia, the sister village of Nazareth, that Esther, the mother of one of the priests of the Temple, died of bad air. The Levite priests, or Sadducees, were rich from the tributes we paid to the Temple, and mourners were hired from all the surrounding villages. The families of Nazareth made the journey to the next hill for the funeral, and for the first time, Joshua and I were able to spend time with Maggie as we walked along the road. â€Å"So,† she said without looking at us, â€Å"have you two been playing with any snakes lately?† â€Å"We’ve been waiting for the lion to lay down with the lamb,† Joshua said. â€Å"That’s the next part of the prophecy.† â€Å"What prophecy?† â€Å"Never mind,† I said. â€Å"Snakes are for boys. We are almost men. We will begin work after the Feast of Tabernacles. In Sepphoris.† I was trying to sound worldly. Maggie seemed unimpressed. â€Å"And you will learn to be a carpenter?† she asked Joshua. â€Å"I will do the work of my father, eventually, yes.† â€Å"And you?† she asked me. â€Å"I’m thinking of being a professional mourner. How hard can it be? Tear at your hair, sing a dirge or two, take the rest of the week off.† â€Å"His father is a stonemason,† Joshua said. â€Å"We may both learn that skill.† At my urging, my father had offered to take Joshua on as an apprentice if Joseph approved. â€Å"Or a shepherd,† I added quickly. â€Å"Being a shepherd seems easy. I went with Kaliel last week to tend his flock. The Law says that two must go with the flock to keep an abomination from happening. I can spot an abomination from fifty paces.† Maggie smiled. â€Å"And did you prevent any abominations?† â€Å"Oh yes, I kept all of the abominations at bay while Kaliel played with his favorite sheep behind the bushes.† â€Å"Biff,† Joshua said gravely, â€Å"that was the abomination you were supposed to prevent.† â€Å"It was?† â€Å"Yes.† â€Å"Whoops. Oh well, I think I would make an excellent mourner. Do you know the words to any dirges, Maggie? I’m going to need to learn some dirges.† â€Å"I think that when I grow up,† Maggie announced, â€Å"I shall go back to Magdala and become a fisherman on the Sea of Galilee.† I laughed, â€Å"Don’t be silly, you are a girl. You can’t be a fisherman.† â€Å"Yes I can.† â€Å"No, you can’t. You have to marry and have sons. Are you betrothed, by the way?† Joshua said: â€Å"Come with me, Maggie, and I will make you a fisher of men.† â€Å"What the hell does that mean?† Maggie asked. I grabbed Joshua by the back of his robe and began to drag him away. â€Å"Don’t pay any attention to him. He’s mad. He gets it from his mother. Lovely woman, but a loony. Come now, Josh, let’s sing a dirge.† I began improvising what I thought was a good funeral song. â€Å"La-la-la. Oh, we are really, really sad that your mom is dead. Too bad you’re a Sadducee and don’t believe in an afterlife and your mom is just going to be worm food, la-la. Makes you think that you might want to reconsider, huh? Fa-la-la-la-la-la-wacka-wacka.† (It sounded great in Aramaic. Really.) â€Å"You two are silly.† â€Å"Gotta go. Mourning to do. See you.† â€Å"A fisher of women?† Josh said. â€Å"Fa-la-la-la, don’t feel bad – she was old and had no teeth left, la-la-la. Come on, people, you know the words!† Later, I said, â€Å"Josh, you can’t keep saying creepy things like that. ‘Fisher of men,’ you want the Pharisees to stone you? Is that what you want?† â€Å"I’m only doing my father’s work. Besides, Maggie is our friend, she wouldn’t say anything.† â€Å"You’re going to scare her away.† â€Å"No I won’t. She’s going to be with us, Biff.† â€Å"Are you going to marry her?† â€Å"I don’t even know if I’m allowed to marry at all, Biff. Look.† We were topping the hill into Japhia, and we could see the crowd of mourners gathering around the village. You read "Lamb: The Gospel According to Biff, Christ’s Childhood Pal Chapter 3" in category "Essay examples" Joshua was pointing to a red crest that stood out above the crowd – the helmet crest of a Roman centurion. The centurion was talking to the Levite priest, who was arrayed in white and gold, his white beard reaching past his belt. As we moved into the village we could see twenty or thirty other soldiers watching the crowd. â€Å"Why are they here?† â€Å"They don’t like it when we gather,† Joshua said, pausing to study the centurion commander. â€Å"They are here to see that we don’t revolt.† â€Å"Why is the priest talking to him?† â€Å"The Sadducee wants to assure the Roman of his influence over us. It wouldn’t do to have a massacre on the day of his mother’s funeral.† â€Å"So he’s watching out for us.† â€Å"He’s watching out for himself. Only for himself.† â€Å"You shouldn’t say that about a priest of the Temple, Joshua.† It was the first time I ever heard Joshua speak against the Sadducees, and it frightened me. â€Å"Today, I think this priest will learn who the Temple belongs to.† â€Å"I hate it when you talk like that, Josh. Maybe we should go home.† â€Å"Do you remember the dead meadowlark we found?† â€Å"I have a really bad feeling about this.† Joshua grinned at me. I could see gold flecks shining in his eyes. â€Å"Sing your dirge, Biff. I think Maggie was impressed by your singing.† â€Å"Really? You think so?† â€Å"Nope.† There was a crowd of five hundred outside the tomb. In the front, the men had draped striped shawls over their heads and rocked as they prayed. The women were separated to the back, and except for the wailing of the hired mourners, it was as if they didn’t exist. I tried to catch a glimpse of Maggie, but couldn’t see her through the crowd. When I turned again, Joshua had wormed his way to the front of the men, where the Sadducee stood beside the corpse of his dead mother, reading from a scroll of the Torah. The women had wrapped the corpse in linen and anointed it with fragrant oils. I could smell sandalwood and jasmine amid the acrid sweat of the mourners as I made my way to the front and stood by Joshua. He looked past the priest and was staring at the corpse, his eyes narrowed in concentration. He was trembling as if taken by a chill wind. The priest finished his reading and began to sing, joined by the voices of hired singers who had made the journey all the way from the Temple in Jerusalem. â€Å"It’s good to be rich, huh?† I whispered to Joshua, elbowing him in the ribs. He ignored me and balled up his fists at his sides. A vein stood out on his forehead as he burned his gaze on the corpse. And she moved. Just a twitch at first. The jerk of her hand under the linen shroud. I think I was the only one who noticed. â€Å"No, Joshua, don’t,† I said. I looked for the Romans, who were gathered in groups of five at different points around the perimeter of the crowd looking bored, their hands resting on the hafts of their short swords. The corpse twitched again and raised her arm. There was a gasp in the crowd and a boy screamed. The men started backing away and the women pushed forward to see what was happening. Joshua fell to his knees and pressed his fists to his temples. The priest sang on. The corpse sat up. The singers stopped and finally the priest turned to look behind him at his dead mother, who had swung her legs off of the slab and looked as if she was trying to stand. The priest stumbled back into the crowd, clawing at the air before his eyes as if it some vapor was causing this horrible vision. Joshua was rocking on his knees, tears streaming down his cheeks. The corpse stood, and still covered by the shroud, turned as if she was looking around. I could see that several of the Romans had drawn their swords. I looked around and found the commanding centurion standing on the back of a wagon, giving signals to his men to stay calm. When I looked back I realized that Joshua and I had been deserted by the mourners and we stood out in the empty space. â€Å"Stop it, now, Josh,† I whispered in his ear, but he continued to rock and concentrate on the corpse, who took her first step. The crowd seemed to be transfixed by the walking corpse, but we were too isolated, too alone now with the dead, and I knew it would only be seconds before they noticed Joshua rocking in the dirt. I threw my arm around his throat and dragged him back away from the corpse and into a group of men who were wailing as they backed away. â€Å"Is he all right?† I heard at my ear, and turned to see Maggie standing beside me. â€Å"Help me get him away.† Maggie took one of Joshua’s arms and I took the other as we dragged him away. His body was as stiff as a walking staff, and he kept his gaze trained on the corpse. The dead woman was walking toward her son, the priest, who was backing away, brandishing the scroll like a sword, his eyes as big as saucers. Finally the woman fell in the dirt, twitched, then lay still. Joshua went limp in our arms. â€Å"Let’s get him out of here,† I said to Maggie. She nodded and helped me drag him behind the wagon where the centurion was directing his troops. â€Å"Is he dead?† the centurion asked. Joshua was blinking as if he’d just been awakened from a deep sleep. â€Å"We’re never sure, sir,† I said. The centurion threw his head back and laughed. His scale armor rattled with the tossing of his shoulders. He was older than the other soldiers, gray-haired, but obviously lean and strong, and totally unconcerned with the histrionics of the crowd. â€Å"Good answer, boy. What is your name?† â€Å"Biff, sir. Levi bar Alphaeus, who is called Biff, sir. Of Nazareth.† â€Å"Well, Biff, I am Gaius Justus Gallicus, under-commander of Sepphoris, and I think that you Jews should make sure your dead are dead before you bury them.† â€Å"Yes sir,† I said. â€Å"You, girl. You are a pretty little thing. What is your name?† I could see that Maggie was shaken by the attention of the Roman. â€Å"I am Mary of Magdala, sir.† She wiped at Joshua’s brow with the edge of her shawl as she spoke. â€Å"You will break someone’s heart someday, eh, little one?† Maggie didn’t answer. But I must have shown some reaction to the question, because Justus laughed again. â€Å"Or perhaps she already has, eh, Biff?† â€Å"It is our way, sir. That’s why we Jews bury our women when they are still alive. It cuts down on the heartbreak.† The Roman took off his helmet, ran his hand over his short hair, and flung sweat at me. â€Å"Go on, you two, get your friend into the shade. It’s too hot out here for a sick boy. Go on.† Maggie and I helped Joshua to his feet and began to lead him away, but when we had gone only a few steps, Joshua stopped and looked back over his shoulder at the Roman. â€Å"Will you slay my people if we follow our God?† he shouted. I cuffed him on the back of the head. â€Å"Joshua, are you insane?† Justus narrowed his gaze at Joshua and the smile went out of his eyes. â€Å"Whatever they tell you, boy, Rome has only two rules: pay your taxes and don’t rebel. Follow those and you’ll stay alive.† Maggie yanked Joshua around and smiled back at the Roman. â€Å"Thank you, sir, we’ll get him out of the sun.† Then she turned back to Joshua. â€Å"Is there something you two would like to tell me?† â€Å"It’s not me,† I said. â€Å"It’s him.† The next day we met the angel for the first time. Mary and Joseph said that Joshua had left the house at dawn and they hadn’t seen him since. I wandered around the village most of the morning, looking for Joshua and hoping to run into Maggie. The square was alive with talk of the walking dead woman, but neither of my friends was to be found. At noon my mother recruited me to watch my little brothers while she went to work with the other women in the vineyard. She returned at dusk, smelling of sweat and sweet wine, her feet purple from walking in the winepress. Cut loose, I ran all over the hilltop, checking in our favorite places to play, and finally found Joshua on his knees in an olive grove, rocking back and forth as he prayed. He was soaked in sweat and I was afraid he might have a fever. Strange, I never felt that sort of concern for my own brothers, but from the beginning, Joshua filled me with divinely inspired worry. I watched, and waited, and when he stopped his rocking and sat back to rest, I faked a cough to let him know I was coming. â€Å"Maybe you should stick with lizards for a while longer.† â€Å"I failed. I have disappointed my father.† â€Å"Did he tell you that, or do you just know it?† He thought for a moment, made as if to brush his hair away from his face, then remembered that he no longer wore his hair long and dropped his hands in his lap. â€Å"I ask for guidance, but I get no answer. I can feel that I am supposed to do things, but I don’t know what. And I don’t know how.† â€Å"I don’t know, I think the priest was surprised. I certainly was. Maggie was. People will be talking about it for months.† â€Å"But I wanted the woman to live again. To walk among us. To tell of the miracle.† â€Å"Well, it is written, two out of three ain’t bad.† â€Å"Where is that written?† â€Å"Dalmatians 9:7, I think – doesn’t matter, no one else could have done what you did.† Joshua nodded. â€Å"What are people saying?† â€Å"They think that it was something the women used to prepare the corpse. They are still going through purification for two more days, so no one can ask them.† â€Å"So they don’t know that it was me?† â€Å"I hope not. Joshua, don’t you understand that you can’t do that sort of thing in front of people? They aren’t ready for it.† â€Å"But most of them want it. They talk about the Messiah coming to deliver us all the time. Don’t I have to show them that he has come?† What do you say to that? He was right, since I could remember there was always talk of the coming of the Messiah, of the coming of the kingdom of God, of the liberation of our people from the Romans – the hills were full of different factions of Zealots who skirmished with the Romans in hope that they could bring about the change. We were the chosen of God, blessed and punished like no other on earth. When the Jews spoke, God listened, now it was God’s turn to speak. Evidently, my best friend was supposed to be the mouthpiece. But at that moment, I just didn’t believe it. Despite what I’d seen, Joshua was my pal, not the Messiah. I said, â€Å"I’m pretty sure the Messiah is supposed to have a beard.† â€Å"So, it’s not time yet, is that what you’re saying?† â€Å"Right, Josh, I’m going to know when you don’t. God sent a messenger to me and he said, ‘By the way, tell Joshua to wait until he can shave before he leads my people out of bondage.'† â€Å"It could happen.† â€Å"Don’t ask me, ask God.† â€Å"That’s what I’ve been doing. He’s not answering.† It had been getting darker by the minute in the olive grove, and I could barely see the shine in Josh’s eyes, but suddenly the area around us was lit up like daylight. We looked up to see the dreaded Raziel descending on us from above the treetops. Of course I didn’t know he was the dreaded Raziel at the time, I was just terrified. The angel shone like a star above us, his features so perfect that even my beloved Maggie’s beauty paled by comparison. Joshua hid his face and huddled against the trunk of an olive tree. I guess he was more easily surprised by the supernatural than I was. I just stood there staring with my mouth open, drooling like the village idiot. â€Å"Fear not, for behold, I bring you tidings of great joy, which shall be to all men. For on this day, in the city of David, is born a Savior, which is Christ the Lord.† Then he hovered for a second, waiting for his message to sink in. Joshua uncovered his face and risked a glance at the angel. â€Å"Well?† the angel said. It took me a second to digest the meaning of the words, and I waited for Joshua to say something, but he had turned his face skyward and seemed to be basking in the light, a silly smile locked on his face. Finally I pointed a thumb at Josh and said, â€Å"He was born in the city of David.† â€Å"Really?† said the angel. â€Å"Yep.† â€Å"His mother’s name is Mary?† â€Å"Yep.† â€Å"She a virgin?† â€Å"He has four brothers and sisters now, but at one time, yes.† The angel looked around nervously, as if he might expect a multitude of the heavenly host to show up at some point. â€Å"How old are you, kid?† Joshua just stared, smiling. â€Å"He’s ten.† The angel cleared his throat and fidgeted a bit, dropping a few feet toward the ground as he did so. â€Å"I’m in a lot of trouble. I stopped to chat with Michael on the way here, he had a deck of cards. I knew some time had passed, but†¦Ã¢â‚¬  To Joshua he said, â€Å"Kid, were you born in a stable? Wrapped in swaddling cloths and lying in a manger?† Joshua said nothing. â€Å"That’s the way his mom tells it,† I said. â€Å"Is he retarded?† â€Å"I think you’re his first angel. He’s impressed, I think.† â€Å"What about you?† â€Å"I’m in trouble because I’m going to be an hour late for dinner.† â€Å"I see what you mean. I’d better get back and check on this. If you see some shepherds watching over their flocks by night would you tell them – uh, tell them – that at some point, probably, oh – ten years or so ago, that a Savior was born? Could you do that?† â€Å"Sure.† â€Å"Okey-dokey. Glory to God in the highest. Peace on earth, goodwill toward men.† â€Å"Right back at you.† â€Å"Thanks. Bye.† And as quickly as he had come, the angel was gone in a shooting star and the olive grove went dark again. I could just make out Joshua’s face as he turned to look at me. â€Å"There you go,† I said. â€Å"Next question?† I suppose that every boy wonders what he will be when he grows up. I suppose that many watch their peers accomplish great things and wonder, â€Å"Could I have done that?† For me, to know at ten that my best friend was the Messiah, while I would live and die a stonecutter, seemed too much of a curse for a ten-year-old to bear. The morning after we met the angel, I went to the square and sat with Bartholomew the village idiot, hoping that Maggie would come to the well. If I had to be a stonecutter, at least I might have the love of an enchanting woman. In those days, we started training for our life’s work at ten, then received the prayer shawl and phylacteries at thirteen, signifying our entry into manhood. Soon after we were expected to be betrothed, and by fourteen, married and starting a family. So you see, I was not too young to consider Maggie as a wife (and I might always have the fallback position of marrying Joshua’s mother when Joseph died). The women would come and go, fetching water, washing clothes, and as the sun rose high and the square cleared, Bartholomew sat in the shade of a tattered date palm and picked his nose. Maggie never appeared. Funny how easy heartbreak can come. I’ve always had a talent for it. â€Å"Why you cry?† said Bartholomew. He was bigger than any man in the village, his hair and beard were wild and tangled, and the yellow dust that covered him from head to toe gave him the appearance of an incredibly stupid lion. His tunic was ragged and he wore no sandals. The only thing he owned was a wooden bowl that he ate from and licked clean. He lived off of the charity of the village, and by gleaning the grain fields (there was always some grain left in the fields for the poor – it was dictated by the Law). I never knew how old he was. He spent his days in the square, playing with the village dogs, giggling to himself, and scratching his crotch. When the women passed he would stick out his tongue and say, â€Å"Bleh.† My mother said he had the mind of a child. As usual, she was wrong. He put his big paw on my shoulder and rubbed, leaving a dusty circle of affection on my shirt. â€Å"Why you cry?† he asked again. â€Å"I’m just sad. You wouldn’t understand.† Bartholomew looked around, and when he saw that we were alone in the square except for his dog pals, he said, â€Å"You think too much. Thinking will bring you nothing but suffering. Be simple.† â€Å"What?† It was the most coherent thing I’d ever heard him say. â€Å"Do you ever see me cry? I have nothing, so I am slave to nothing. I have nothing to do, so nothing makes me its slave.† â€Å"What do you know?† I snapped. â€Å"You live in the dirt. You are unclean! You do nothing. I have to begin working next week, and work for a lifetime until I die with a broken back. The girl I want is in love with my best friend, and he’s the Messiah. I’m nothing, and you, you – you’re an idiot.† â€Å"No, I’m not, I’m a Greek. A Cynic.† I turned and really looked at him. His eyes, normally as dull as mud, shone like black jewels in the dusty desert of his face. â€Å"What’s a Cynic?† â€Å"A philosopher. I am a student of Diogenes. You know Diogenes?† â€Å"No, but how much could he have taught you? Your only friends are dogs.† â€Å"Diogenes went about Athens with a lamp in broad daylight, holding it in people’s faces, saying he was looking for an honest man.† â€Å"So, he was like the prophet of the idiots?† â€Å"No, no, no.† Bart picked up a small terrier and was gesturing with him to make his point. The dog seemed to enjoy it. â€Å"They were all fooled by their culture. Diogenes taught that all affectations of modern life were false, that a man must live simply, outdoors, carry nothing, make no art, no poetry, no religion†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Like a dog,† I said. â€Å"Yes!† Bart described a flourish in the air with the rat dog. â€Å"Exactly!† The little dog made as if to upchuck from the motion. Bart put him down and he wobbled away. A life without worry: right then it sounded wonderful. I mean, I didn’t want to live in the dirt and have other people think me mad, like Bartholomew, but a dog’s life really didn’t sound bad. The idiot had been hiding a deep wisdom all these years. â€Å"I’m trying to learn to lick my own balls,† Bart said. Maybe not. â€Å"I have to go find Joshua.† â€Å"You know he is the Messiah, don’t you?† â€Å"Wait a minute, you’re not a Jew – I thought you didn’t believe in any religion.† â€Å"The dogs told me he was the Messiah. I believe them. Tell Joshua I believe them.† â€Å"The dogs told you?† â€Å"They’re Jewish dogs.† â€Å"Right, let me know how the ball licking works out.† â€Å"Shalom.† Who would have thought that Joshua would find his first apostle among the dirt and dogs of Nazareth. Bleh. I found Joshua at the synagogue, listening to the Pharisees lecture on the Law. I stepped through the group of boys sitting on the floor and whispered to him. â€Å"Bartholomew says that he knows you are the Messiah.† â€Å"The idiot? Did you ask him how long he’s known?† â€Å"He says the village dogs told him.† â€Å"I never thought to ask the dogs.† â€Å"He says that we should live simply, like dogs, carry nothing, no affectations – whatever that means.† â€Å"Bartholomew said that? Sounds like an Essene. He’s much smarter than he looks.† â€Å"He’s trying to learn to lick his own balls.† â€Å"I’m sure there’s something in the Law that forbids that. I’ll ask the rabbi.† â€Å"I’m not sure you want to bring that up to the Pharisee.† â€Å"Did you tell your father about the angel?† â€Å"No.† â€Å"Good. I’ve spoken to Joseph, he’s going to let me learn to be a stonecutter with you. I don’t want your father to change his mind about teaching me. I think the angel would frighten him.† Joshua looked at me for the first time, turning from the Pharisee, who droned on in Hebrew. â€Å"Have you been crying?† â€Å"Me? No, Bart’s stench made my eyes water.† Joshua put his hand on my forehead and all the sadness and trepidation seemed to drain out of me in an instant. He smiled. â€Å"Better?† â€Å"I’m jealous of you and Maggie.† â€Å"That can’t be good for your neck.† â€Å"What?† â€Å"Trying to lick your own balls. It’s got to be hard on your neck.† â€Å"Did you hear me? I’m jealous of you and Maggie.† â€Å"I’m still learning, Biff. There are things I don’t understand yet. The Lord said, ‘I am a jealous God.’ So jealousy should be a good thing.† â€Å"But it makes me feel so bad.† â€Å"You see the puzzle, then? Jealousy makes you feel bad, but God is jealous, so it must be good, yet when a dog licks its balls it seems to enjoy it, but it must be bad under the Law.† Suddenly Joshua was yanked to his feet by the ear. The Pharisee glared at him. â€Å"Is the Law of Moses too boring for you, Joshua bar Joseph?† â€Å"I have a question, Rabbi,† Joshua said. â€Å"Oh, jeez.† I hid my head in my arms. How to cite Lamb: The Gospel According to Biff, Christ’s Childhood Pal Chapter 3, Essay examples

Ventilation Essay Research Paper Ventilation is the free essay sample

Ventilation Essay, Research Paper Ventilation is the mechanical procedure whereby air is taken into and out of the lungs. Situations in which a patient might necessitate venitlatory support scope from apnea to patients sing down respiratory map. If the patient? s rate of take a breathing lessenings significantly it can take to hypercarbia, hypoxia, a lowered pH degree and a lessening in respiratory minute volume. This can ensue in cardiac or respiratory apprehension if it isn? T corrected. Expired air airing has been accepted as the technique of pick since the late fiftiess. It has been shown to be an effectual pattern for both professionals and lay individuals including immature kids over 5 old ages of age. Ventilation utilizing the expired air of the savior can be applied to the oral cavity or olfactory organ of the grownup victim and to the oral cavity and olfactory organ of the baby. Mouth-to-Mouth airing and Mouth-to-Nose airing can supply effectual ventilatory support to a patient. A major advantage of these methods of airing is that no equipment is required to efficaciously offer ventilatory support to the patient. However, the disadvantage of these methods of ventilatory support are that both methods merely offer a limited O supply due to the fact that O expired from the savior will merely incorporate 17 per centum O. Mouth-to-Mask Ventilation or Pocket Mask Ventilation A clear, fictile, molded facemask similar to that used in anaesthesia may be used to supply oral cavity to dissemble airing. A unidirectional valve diverts the patient # 8217 ; s expired air off from the savior and traps any macroscopic atoms emerging from the patient. This valve improves the aesthetics and reduces hazard of cross infection. The oral cavity to dissemble method is a two handed technique which produces a better seal than that obtained during single-person bag-valve-mask airing. As with mouth-to-mouth airing it is possible to bring forth high tidal volumes, high air passage force per unit areas and increase the hazard of stomachic rising prices. The add-on of a port for the disposal of auxiliary O increases the divine O concentration. A assortment of pocket masks are available. Some of these masks are disposed of after the first usage while others may be used many times. Most are little and compact plenty to suit in a pocket and may be carried with the paramedic. The p ocket mask allows an O flow rate of 10 litres per minute. This rate combined with mouth-to-mouth external respiration of the savior yields an divine O rate of about 50 per centum. This is a significantly higher O concentration degree than delivered through the mouth-to-mouth or mouth-to-nose method. Cheap protection devices made from a piece of plastic movie with a valvular opening to cover the oral cavity and nose will supply protection and cut down aesthetic concerns of direct contact with patient? s puke, spit, phlegm or blood. The chief disadvantage is that the movie device requires shifting for each sequence of breaths. In the community the bystander is likely to be a comparative, friend or co-worker of the victim and resuscitative attempts should non be deterred by the inaccessibility of a protective device, as the hazard is really little. Bag-Valve Ventilation The self-inflating bag can be connected to either a facemask, a tracheal tubing, a laryngeal mask, or a Combitube. The bag consists of an oblong, self-inflating silicone or rubber bag ; two one-way valves, and a crystalline facemask. They are available in sizes for babes, kids and grownups. The bag-valve device allows room air or O to be delivered to the patient. When used on its ain the bag-valve-mask will let airing of the patient with ambient air ( 21 % O ) . This can be increased to around 50 % by attaching an O supply at 5-6 Lmin-1 straight to the bag next to the air recess valve. Normally, nevertheless, a reservoir bag should be attached, which with O flows of 8-10 Lmin-1, will supply divine O concentrations of 90 % . Certain ideal standards have been laid down for bag-valve-mask devices used in resuscitation The demands recommended include: The bag stuff should be crystalline and convey a satisfactory # 8220 ; experience # 8221 ; . It should non absorb anaesthetic or noxious gases and should possess sufficient kick to pull in gases from a reservoir or a draw over anesthesia circuit. Both recess and mercantile establishment valves should be of robust building, competent to forestall rebreathing or leaks, incapable of malfunction or jamming with a fresh gas flow ( of O ) up to 15L/min. The valves should be easy to take apart, clean and reassemble ( except in disposable theoretical accounts ) ; wrong refabrication should be impossible. The recess valve should be capable of being fitted with a filter ( to except noxious gases ) and an O reservoir bag. The patient valve should hold standard ISO 15/22 millimeter adjustments. The patient valve should integrate, or be capable of being fitted with, a PEEP valve. The bag should be capable of presenting a tidal volume of up to 1500 milliliter in the grownup version and airing rates of up to 45/min in the paediatric version. Infant, paediatric and big versions of the device should be available. The device should work adequately during all common environmental conditions and temperature extremes. When used by one individual, a considerable grade of accomplishment is required to keep a patent air passage and airtight seal with one manus, while squashing the bag with the other. This is merely likely to be achieved by person who regularly uses a bag-valve-mask device. Excessively much air leak will ensue in hypoventilation, while inordinate tidal volumes may ensue in stomachic insufflation and increased hazard of regurgitation. If airing has to go on with a bag-valve-mask, the two-person technique is preferred ; one individual holds the facemask in topographic point utilizing both custodies and an helper squeezes the bag. In this manner a better seal is achieved, the jaw push manoeuvre is more easy maintained and the patient # 8217 ; s lungs can be ventilated more efficaciously. Demand Valve Device The demand valve device is besides normally referred to as the # 8220 ; manually triggered O powered take a breathing device. # 8221 ; This device will transport 100 per centum O to a patient at its maximal flow rate ( 40L per minute ) . This system consists of a hard-hitting tubing, which connects to an O supply. A push lever or button easy activates the valve doing it to open and therefore, providing O to the patient. Automatic Ventilators Due to technological progresss, compact mechanical ventilators are now available for pre-hospital usage. Mechanical ventilators provide a figure of advantages over other types of ventilatory support discussed antecedently. Mechanical airing is lightweight and compact which makes it convenient and really easy to utilize while transporting the patient to the infirmary. Second, they are an betterment over the bag-valve device in keeping minute volume. The mechanical airing system is besides able to digest utmost temperatures. Temperatures runing from 30 grades Fahrenheit to 125 grades Fahrenheit. Another advantage of mechanical airing is that most systems are typically equipped with both an adjustable ventilatory rate and tidal volume. This will let the machine to map intermittently, returning to command mechanical airing in patients who are non take a breathing. Some are incorporate a # 8220 ; pop-off # 8221 ; valve that prevents pressure-related hurts. A # 8220 ; pop-off # 8221 ; valve can turn out to be damaging in state of affairss where the patient is enduring from a pneumonic bruise, bronchospasm, cardiogenic pneumonic hydrops, grownup respiratory distress syndrome or upsets in which high degrees of force per unit area in the air passage must be surmounted. In shutting, there are several effectual methods of providing respiratory support to patients. Although, the mechanical ventilator has many advantages as mentioned earlier, the bag-valve method proves to hold the largest sum of advantages. However, it should be noted that the bag-valve technique has besides proven to be debatable when trying to offer respiratory support to nonintubated patients.

Organising A New Year Party

The Many Roads to Perdition

The Many Roads to Perdition Free Online Research Papers Michael Sullivan Jr. is the son of an enforcer for John Rooney, an Irish American crime boss in the Midwest during the great depression. Our first sight of Michael is in the opening of the movie when he is riding his bike to a local convenience store to get paid for a paper route that he has just completed. While Michael is waiting for the store owner to get his pay for the day, he swipes a chocolate bar from the front desk. This lets the audience know that the current economic climate is a dismal one and that the Depression was in fact Great. Michael Jr. is very curious as to what his dad does. He knows that he goes on dangerous missions for John Rooney, an Irish mob boss who treats the Sullivans as his own, but he still doesn’t know what he does exactly. So on a stormy night he decides to stow away in the backseat of his father’s car in order to find out his father supports the family. Michael Sr. and his associate, Connor Rooney, go to a warehouse to have a meeting with Finn McGovern, one of John Rooney’s partners. The meeting goes awry when Connor shoots McGovern and Michael Sr. has to take out two body guards with his Thompson submachine gun, Michael Jr. sees it all through a hole in the warehouse wall. After Michael Sr. and Connor find out that Michael Jr. had seen the whole thing happen, Connor questions if Jr. can or cannot keep quiet about what he witnessed. Sullivan swears that his son can keep a secret but Connor tries to make sure of it on a failed attempt to kill Sullivan, in turn he kills his wife and youngest son. After this, Michael Sr. and Jr. flee the city and make their way to Chicago in order to ask for assistance from Al Capone, but is rejected by Capone’s right hand man, Frank Nitti. The rejection leads Michael Sr. into robbing Chicago banks of Capone’s money; his plan is to trade the money back to Capone for information of Connor’s whereabouts. When Capone and Nitti hear about Sullivan’s robberies, Harlen Maguire is hired to kill Sullivan. Michael Sr. takes a bullet to the shoulder during a fast paced and thrilling gunfight with Maguire. Luckily, Sullivan taught his son to drive and they head to the countryside where they are both taken in by an elderly farm couple. When Michael Sr. is fully recovered he is ready for his revenge on Rooney. John Rooney was a father figure to Sullivan, the killing of Rooney signified the beginning of a new, but short-lived chapter in Sullivan’s life. After Rooney is dead, Nitti figures that there is no need to hide Connor any longer and gives Sullivan his location and Michael Sullivan finally does what he set out to do, kill Connor Rooney. After this, the Sullivans make their way to Perdition, Michigan, where Michael Sr.’s sister in law’s summer home is. Upon arriving at the home, unsurprisingly, Maguire is waiting for them and he shoots Michael Sr. as he is admiring the view of the lake. In a dying effort Sullivan shoots Maguire and Michael Jr. is left alone. Michael makes his way back to the countryside and is raised by the elderly couple. The acting in Road to Perdition is some of the best that I have seen in a movie in a long time. Michael Sullivan, played by Tom Hanks, has a father-son relationship with John Rooney, played by Paul Newman. Rooney took Sullivan in as a child and raised him as one of his own along with his biological son, Connor Rooney, played by Daniel Craig. After Rooney turns on Sullivan and tries to have him killed, Sullivan has to kill Rooney in order for the continuous murder attempts to stop. When the two finally meet in the middle of the street on a rainy and cold Midwest night, Rooney tells Sullivan that he is glad that the person to kill him is Sullivan. Upon shooting Newman’s character, Hanks’ body language is flawless. You can tell in his facial expressions that killing Rooney is the right thing to do and what he must do, but not necessarily what he wants to do. To lose someone so close to you by your own will is unimaginable, but somehow Hanks can pull off this scene with per fection. The audience can tell by the look in Hanks’ eyes that what Sullivan is doing is eating him alive inside, but he carries out the deed. Hanks’ Sullivan is a quiet man who keeps his emotions to himself who does whatever it takes to keep food on the table and he’s happy to do whatever his boss, John Rooney, tells him. Rooney took Sullivan in as a child and was a surrogate father to him; Hanks and Newman are somewhat of a dynamic duo in the movie. You can sense a real emotional tie between them when both of them are participating in a piano duet at the wake in the beginning of the film. Newman treats the Sullivan boys as if they were his own grandsons when he portrays Rooney, asking them for hugs with a warm smile. â€Å"Now if you’ll excuse me, I have some urgent business with these young gentlemen,† is what Newman’s Rooney tells Sullivan as he takes his two boys to shoot a game of dice. But we quickly see Newman switch from a family man to a stone cold mobster when he orders a hit on Sullivan, a son in his eyes. Connor Rooney, who is played by Daniel Craig, is John Rooney’s real son who feels that his father favors Sullivan more than him and Craig does a spectacular job of portraying to role of a jealous and immature son. When Hanks’ Sullivan confronts Rooney for the first time in the middle of the church, they head down to the basement of the church to talk in private. It’s appropriate that they choose the basement for their meeting, being below the church representing Hell where Rooney says later that the both of them are destined to go after they die. Sullivan reveals to Rooney that Connor has been stealing from him for years, keeping the accounts under names of dead men like Finn McGovern. Sullivan thinks that by telling Rooney this that he will forsake Connor and give up his location, but Rooney does not. Instead he protects both of his sons by keeping Connor’s information to himself and telling Michael to flee unless he wants to be harmed. For a movie known for its cinematographic beauty, the dialogue in this scene is awesome. Newman speaks with authority and eloquence as Rooney tells Sullivan to run and make sure that Michael Jr. isn’t tainted by the sinful lifestyl e that surrounds him. Sullivan then threatens Rooney that, â€Å"†¦they’re protecting him (Connor) now, but when you are gone they’re not going to need him anymore.† Hanks delivers this line with a stiff and straight face, letting Rooney know that if he doesn’t tell him Connor’s location that eventually he will die for it. Rooney still doesn’t give up the information telling Sullivan that Connor is no different from either of them, trying to make Sullivan believe that Connor is equal to him. The speech in this scene is powerful and could only be delivered by such talented actors as Newman and Hanks. Symbolism is a big part in Road to Perdition, which isn’t a surprise if you have seen American Beauty that was also directed by Sam Mendes. During the scene where Sullivan kills Rooney, you cannot hear any of the shots being fired, but only music. Rooney attempts to open the door to his car and sees that his driver has taken a turn for the worst. The driver falls forward in his seat and his head presses against the horn. You can tell by the look on Rooney’s face that he knows what is about to happen. One by one Rooney’s goons drop and all we can see is Sullivan’s signature Tommy Gun blazing in the dark corner of the street, although there is only music playing we still know everything that is going on. The rain is falling and it is pitch black, quite a fitting scene for a mass murder. Michael Sullivan emerges from the shadows and confronts Rooney, the first and only words of the whole scene are spoken in which Rooney tells Sullivan that he is glad that the person to kill him is Sullivan. Sullivan takes out Rooney and the scene ends. For a scene with only four words, it is beautifully done. After a botched meeting with Finn McGovern ends with Connor killing the McGovern and Sullivan taking out the two body guards via his Tommy Gun is witnessed by Michael Jr. Connor questions whether or not Michael Jr. can keep quiet. Connor attempts to murder the father and son but instead takes out the youngest son Peter and Sullivan’s wife, Anne. Michael Jr. arrives home and sees the aftermath of Connor’s visit and is apparently in shock. When Sullivan Sr. arrives home from almost being â€Å"wacked† he sees that Michael Jr. is sitting at the table and right away knows that something has gone terribly wrong. Sullivan makes his way to the bathroom and when he sees what Connor has done he breaks down. The look on the face of Michael Jr. is unremarkable and chilling; it is a look of utter disbelief and despair. It is through this that the audience can get a grasp on how seeing the bodies of his deceased mother and brother have affected him. He doesn’t shed a s ingle tear until his father departs him in the church and he is alone and all of his thoughts catch up with him, Michael Jr. had to grow up very quickly in a very short period of time. There are many ways to take in Road to Perdition, but there is one theme that holds true in the end of the movie and that is that living a sinful lifestyle does have its consequences. Sullivan is trying to keep his son on the path of righteousness and protect him from the many evils that surround him and his family. â€Å"†¦there is only one guarantee: none of us will see heaven.† Is what Rooney tells Sullivan in the basement of the church. Sullivan then tells Rooney that Michael Jr. could. They make their way to Perdition, MI and all seems right. Finally they think that they can stop worrying about the constant threats that have been bombarding their lives ever since Connor murdered Anne and Peter. What they don’t know is that Maguire is waiting in the lake house for Michael Jr. and Sr. to walk in so he can finish the job that Rooney gave him. Michael Jr. is outside with the dog admiring the view as his father is doing the same, but from inside the house. Maguire shoots Sullivan in the back; Sullivan didn’t have the slightest clue. Michael Jr. walks in to see his father drenched in blood on the floor. In Sullivan’s last acts he shoots Maguire before he can harm and before Michael Jr. has the opportunity to pull the trigger on Maguire, the movie ends shortly after. Connor, Rooney, Maguire, and Sullivan all had the consequences of their actions shown in the film. All of those men’s lives were filled with crime, sin, and violence. No matter how hard they tried to avoid them, the consequences for their decisions caught up to them when it was all said and done. Michael Jr. had a clean slate and a pure conscience, which is why Sullivan tries so hard to keep Michael Jr. innocent and lead him on the path of morality and not a road to perdition. Research Papers on The Many Roads to PerditionNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementTwilight of the UAWCanaanite Influence on the Early Israelite ReligionThe Hockey GameCapital PunishmentBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm X19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraWhere Wild and West MeetThe Fifth Horseman

Diplomatic Immunity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Diplomatic Immunity - Essay Example (Curtis, pp 345-500, 1999) After this whole research, there is one basic phenomenon which is the major reason in setting the country apart from the Central Europe. In Bucharest legal some of the popular brand names are Romania while on the other hand mostly from the USA and UK none of them have any local branch of office. Few popular names among the top 100 global firms includes (Curtis, pp 345-500, 1999) Joerg Menzer once said "There are many strong local based law firms which are most reputable as compare to other firms". (Curtis, pp 345-500, 1999) Due to the improper work of some leading global companies some smaller companies are setting and building up shops and getting and gaining name and fame side by side. This situation is due to the absence of the large markets and due to their improper work. When they are not properly working they will slowly loose their name and with the help of this situation on the other hand many other small companies build up their standard. (Curtis, pp 345-500, 1999) Apart from this situation there are many giant companies which are now working with small global market in order to make their position in the market. They always work with other smaller companies when they are not getting anything from the bigger one. Many companies without having any offices intervene on the market of Romania. Companies like Norton Rose Freshfields and Allen Clifford Chance After working since seven years, the most reputable company linklaters has gained up on the good quality of the personnel. (Bardo, pp74-78, 1998) There are such type of companies which while working with smaller companies for a limited time period gain a lot of praise and reputation which they can't gain when they are working with a good and huge companies. This is the reason that why and how diplomats are now working and gaining money. The most important discussion now a days is the break-Out with the help of international firms. Most of the lawyer wants to solve it by themselves while some wants to carry it with the help of a group work. And this was the reason that by the end of 2006 the lawyers decided to plan a group of 15 members in order to solve this major problem. (Bardo, pp74-78, 1998) Here arises a critical and one of the important question that if the market develops, in return clients will always need more complex and critical services while at present most of the law firms are focusing on the volume. (Bardo, pp74-78, 1998) Diplomats are now working as they are working in any law market. They have now no danger and they are working freely. (Bardo, pp74-78, 1998) The law market is not purely saturated and this is the reason that why most of the lawyers were surprised when they observed the situation

KFC Product Design Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

KFC Product Design - Dissertation Example Basically, KFC is the chain of the restaurant which offers goods and services to the consumers. The Goods offer by KFC is a huge variety of chicken-based products and fast food items. The service includes the quick and friendlier service to its clients in a restaurants industry. The base of service design of KFC is a self-service and quick response to the customers. We will focus on both aspects of KFC product design. The interesting feature of the KFC chain is that it only serves chicken based products but are highly successful worldwide. They have introduced a huge variety of chicken products in different forms. But before discussing the product design of KFC let us know about the general product design of any company and its important features. It is basically concerned with improving the service which is providing to valuable customers. Like for a restaurant, by changing the menu or layout we can change customer’s experience. To use a technique to design the service, there are certain plans which are prepared. The managers have to consider people, material requirements, basic infrastructure, and communication mean to design a service. The service must be accurately designed to gain a competitive edge in the market and appeal to more customers. It is very important to develop the right design for the personnel employed and for the financial growth of a company. The service design basically involves re-organizing the activities in delivering service to the clients. It could be by receiving emails from the customers or in person, telephone or website. This could be done either by improving the existing service or creating new. The concepts and ideas are basically stored in prototypes. With strong visual element and cha nce to test it drastically improve the service and adds real value to compete in markets.

Ethical Dilemma Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Ethical Dilemma - Essay Example It is indisputable that marijuana smoking has many ill effects not only to the smoker but also to the community surrounding a smoker. Consequently, while confronted with such a dilemma, there is the need to engage in ethical decision making to make the choice that best fits a person. The theories of normative ethics are superior tools of decision making when an ethical dilemma arises. The theories of Utilitarianism and the deontological ethics have been highly regarded in the philosophy of decision making, especially when individuals seek to choose between right and wrong actions in the society. While the Utilitarianism theories express that human beings will make a choice depending on the end effects, the deontological theory proposes that human beings have primary â€Å"duties† that they have to fulfill in every decision that they make. The objective of this paper is to critically apply normative theories in solving the ethical dilemmas that come along with smoking marijuana . In this case, smoking marijuana is an ethical issue that is surrounded by both legal and moral issues that can only be solved through critical decision making techniques. ... Currently, the drug has found application in treatment of cancer patients, as an anti-pain drug to reduce headaches, improving appetite among HIV patients and with treatment of the side effects of chemotherapy. However, in the field of medicine this drug is administered in small portions as the medical experts recognize the effects that come along with the use of the drug in large quantities (Jabelle, 2013). From this perspective, it is indisputable that this drug has many positive effects that are beneficial to the human race. On the other hand, the use this drug in the social circles has generated a lot of heat in its use and abuse in the social circles. The government in many states has waged war against marijuana use and laws have been enacted to prohibit its consumption in the society. While many states such as the United States have opposed any move to legalize this substance, other nations such as Jamaica have legalized its use in the public (Jabelle, 2013). Of more concern is the use of this drug as a means to get high in the entertainment circles in the society. The side effects of this drug in its excessive use are the risk of loss of short term memory and development of diseases of the nervous system (Souryal, 2010). Consequently, the proponents of its illegalization have proposed that this drug has long term consequences on the public and only regard its use under the prescription of a medical expert. Smoking marijuana as an ethical issue has both legal and moral consequences that come along with it. In the moral perspective, it is wrong since its abuse in the long term causes the user to suffer from diseases of the heart and the nervous system. In addition, the users of this drug are specific social groups that exist in this

Industrial Air Pollution In Trinidad And Tobago Environmental Sciences Essay

Industrial Air Pollution In Trinidad And Tobago Environmental Sciences Essay The contamination of the atmosphere by any toxic or radioactive gases and particulate matter as a result of human activity defines air pollution. (EMA State of the Environment Report 2000) Over the years Trinidad and Tobago has focus on industrialization developing several industrial estates but greater focus was made to the energy sectors. They current have three major energy based industrial sites. The Point Lisas industrial estate, Point a Pierre petroleum refinery and Liquefied Natural Gas plant (LNG) located in Point Fortin. Trinidad and Tobago is considered to be one of the most industrialized countries in the Commonwealth Caribbean region. We have been blessed with a vast array of natural resources ranging from oil, natural gas and asphalt to manufactured petrochemicals. Despite the fact that oil production and refining is one of our main industry, petrochemicals and to a lesser extent steel plays great importance in the company economic growth. Trinidad Tobago is worlds leading exporter of both methanol and ammonia, currently they supply the largest source of LNG is exported to the United States. Early views and realization of Air Pollution To the general public air pollution was considered to be chemical emissions and that suspension and secondary pollutants will just dissipate with the aid of the wind and rain. As the country moves into a second wave of industrialization with several proposed plans of building the next economic hotspot in the Caribbean (Invest in TT Downstream Energy), concerns has been made toward the quality of air what we live and breathe. It was only years later when technology began to play an important part in analyzing pollutants and air quality that it was realized that air pollution was just as important as water pollution. The industrial sector in Trinidad Tobago is one of the most dynamitic in the Caribbean and this is reflected in the diverse nature of its pollutants. Table 1 illustrates the numerous industry classes, commodities produced, production process and resulting in air pollutants. Map 1: Existing Proposed Energy Base Industrial Estates in Trinidad Table 1: Industry in Trinidad Tobago and air emission they emit INDUSTRY PRODUCTS SOURCES AIR POLLUTANT Petrochemical Menthol, ammonia, urea, ethanol, liquefied natural gas Fossil fuel processing, industrial processes Carbon Dioxide, Sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, Carbon Monoxide Manufacturing Metals, cements, consumer products Manufacturing and extraction process, stock piling of raw materials, fossil fuel burning Carbon Dioxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, nitrogen oxides, particulate matter PM (soot, dust, asbestos fibers, pesticides and metals). Volatile Organic Carbon (VOC) Transportation vehicles Incomplete combustion Carbon Monoxide, particulate matter Petroleum Refineries Refined oil, oil base products and sulfur /acids production Fossil fuel burning, extraction process, transportation process, storage process, Carbon Dioxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, nitrogen oxides, methane, particulate matter (soot, dust, asbestos fibers, pesticides and metals) Agriculture Animal waste, plant waste Animal waste disposal/processing, rice paddies and wetlands, plant metabolism, land clearing Methane, Carbon monoxide, Carbon Dioxide, particulate matter (dust), VOC Electrical Power generation Electricity Fossil fuel burning, Particulate matters, Sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxide, VOC Mining Quarrying Aggregate Blasting, mining, washing, extraction process Suspended Particulates Matters (SPM); Total suspended particles (TSP); Particulate matters. Wholesale and Retail All consumer products Service station operations, truck filling stations VOC Locations of Main Industrial Sectors With industrialization comes a need for people to benefit with the high level of employment in these areas. The demographic transition cycle in Trinidad and Tobago is fairly predictive with many of the populated areas following the same paths along the industrialized map. (Map 2)In the initial stages of industrial development focus was made on establishing industries in sparsely populated areas. The intention was also to take advantage of the favorable wind direction which would direct most of the air pollutant west ward over (for the most part) approximately 5 miles of uninhabited land space and then to the Gulf, with the intension that the vegetation would be affected in a minor way during the dry season and would be assisted by run off during the rainy season. This idea inadvertently leads to another pollution problem. This proved to be a short term imitative, as these areas soon became an attractive alternative to the long commute thus encouraging the establishment of make- shift villages and shanty towns. This was also fueled by the fact that the southern and eastern main road were in close proximity to these estates. Over time these villages soon became establish resistances acquiring basic utilities and official mailing addresses. The industries were now faced with a new obstacle. They now had to focus their attention to both the environment and the neighboring population. Table 2 identifies the main industrial pollutants found in Trinidad and Tobago and its effects on both the environment and humans. Map 2: Industries and major roadways Table 2: Main Industrial Pollutants and their Adverse Health and Environment Effects POLLUTANT EFFECTS ON HUMANS EFFECTS ON THE ENVIRONMENT Carbon Monoxide- CO It is absorbed through the lungs reducing the bloods capacity to transport available oxygen to the tissues. Depending on the exposure level it produces flu like symptoms usually not recognized and may results in death There is minimum effect on the environment. Sulphur Dioxides SO2 Depending on the exposure level it can cause: cause wheezing, chest tightness and shortness of breath, respiratory illness, alterations in the lungs, it aggravates existing cardiovascular disease. When SO2 combines with water, it forms sulfuric acid, which is the main component of acid rain. When acid rain falls it can cause deforestation, acidify waterways to the detriment of aquatic life. It also corrodes building materials. Acid rain changes the physical appearance of vegetation plants metabolism impaired Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)/Oxides of Nitrogen NOx At low levels it has minimum or no effects on human health. However high levels NO2 can cause respiratory problem, increase a persons susceptibility to, and severity of infections and asthma. It can also affect the sensory system. It is harmful to vegetation, can fade and discolor fabrics, reduce visibility. Vegetation exposure to high levels of NOx can be identified by damage to foliage, decreased growth or reduced crop yield. Volatile Organic Carbon -VOC There are no general health effects of VOC because other gases make up VOCs however some gases may be toxic and/or carcinogen. Levels of exposure and time exposed can cause damage to the liver, kidney and central nervous system. It is known to cause cancer in animals. Suspended Particulates Matters (SPM); Total suspended particles (TSP); Particulate matters. Health effects on SPM in humans depend on the particle size and concentration can cause long term exposure increases the rates of respiratory illness and symptoms. Particulates can accelerate deterioration of surface and material. It has the potential to cause modification of the climate and contributes to acid deposition. Control Strategies Physical, Managerial and Legislative to Air Pollution The visionaries of the early industries focus little on health safety and the environment and this was reflected in the level of controls initiated by the industries. Controls were mainly one dimensional and fail to focus on the holistic views of health safety and environment. Public opinion and outburst resulting from the increasing number of medical complaints and the decrease quality of agriculture produce with allegations pointing towards the emission from these industries, prompted management to use technology to assist in the establishment of more stringent controls. This technology was also instrumental in pinpointing the actual adverse effects as a result of these emissions. Physical Controls The physical control represents the processes responsible for acquisition of raw material, storage, manufacturing and distribution processes. Use of Suppression Techniques The numerous pollutants that emit daily, through smokestacks petrochemical and petroleum industries together with major health effects, force industries to reduce the pollutant at the source. One of the proven ways of reducing these pollutants is installing scrubbers and in other cases bagging houses in the emission system. The use of end -of- pipe technology is being adapted by some industries, it is used to remove already formed contaminants in the air however it is proven to be very expensive and many industries internationally would rather pay the fines for higher emission levels than use this technique. In other words it is regarded as the less of two evils. These techniques force industries to adopt generic prevention strategies and solutions, only resorting to the more expensive techniques when face with dire consequences. Environmental Friendly Process With increasing pressure from environmental activists calling for industries to be more sensitive towards the environment, many industries have restructured their processes whereby recycling waste material as a new raw material to produce a second product. This process has been adapted by Methanol Holding Trinidad Limited (MHTL) were they have constructed an AUM plant. This plant is the first of its kind in Trinidad and Tobago being the most environmental friendly of the MHTL family. This plant comprises a diversified petrochemical complex to manufacture Urea Ammonia Nitrate (UAN) and Melamine using feedstock from integrated urea and ammonia plants. (MHTL) The local cement factory adopted several controls strategies to deal with the air pollution problem within its manufacturing process. A change from blasting to stripping of the main raw material (limestone) aided in the reduction of dust emissions that was affecting the neighboring community at their quarrying central Trinidad. The transportation of the limestone was also change from dry to wet thus also reducing the potential dust particles entering the atmosphere during transportation from quarrying to the process plant. At the out skirts of the processing plant itself major landscaping was done to create hills around the factory adorned by buffer trees with sole intension is to reduce the level of dust exposure to the neighboring community. Managerial Controls Self Regulation These controls consist of policies, systems and standards that govern and manage the organization. The establishments of the Key Performance Indicators (KPI) help management keep focus in order to sustain established targets. Company policies and procedures acts as guidelines to maintain order and structure within the organization. The introduction of ISO standards advertises the companys procedures to the industrial world thus ensuring that whatever measures initially introduced are sustained by the certification audits conducted annually by an international process auditors. Legislative Controls Currently in TT there is no legislation that refers directly to controlling of air pollutant emitted by industries. This is merely due to the fact that early monitoring system generally focus on water and land pollution the understanding of air pollution did not produce tangible evident because of technological short falls. The existing legislation addresses non specific air pollutants like the Petroleum Act (rev. 1980) section 29 (1) (j) prevention of air pollution and the Public health ordinance (1950), section 70 (1) (m) prohibits blacks smoke from chimneys. Even though the EMA was establish and is the countrys sole environmental body responsible for managing, regulating and coordinating environmental matters. The EMA has only managed to draft the Air Pollution Rules 2001 however to date 2010 these rules have not been made law. Trinidad and Tobago being a member of the Commonwealth and the United Nations has benefited from the research and technological advancement from these more developed countries (MDC). Initiatives such as the Montreal Protocol (1989 the control of CFCs) and the Kyoto Protocol (1997 the reduction of Greenhouse Gases) assisted the legislative process of TT by association. The only way legislative was establish was by piggy backing on the achievement of the more developed countries it seems that this was the only way the law maker could have had any impact on defaulters of air pollution in Trinidad. Only when legislation is pass the country can benefit from some effective control measures where polluters are prosecuted and emission limits are set for all industries. Conclusion Trinidad and Tobago historically is a nation of followers there have been very few instances where we were not promoted or assisted in some way or the other in achieving established goals and the topic of pollution is no exception. Have we ever wonder why the one establish air pollution laws stems from a diplomatic relations within the commonwealth and the United Nations or why we had to wait until the advent of OSHA to enforce existing safety laws in our country. The answer is simple we are still waiting to follow no wonder legislation spear headed by locals are treated with scan courtesy. Had these laws been establish in some first world convention they would have been rooted in the seams of our judicial system years ago? Many of the existing pollution laws governing the more develop countries were mainly as a result of international pressure, sadly Trinidad and Tobago is not view as a major polluting nation because of its geographical location and size. Evidence of pollution aware ness is mainly seen in the new establish manufacturing countries whose parent companies originate overseas. It is only amongst of fellow less develops countries and Caribbean members that Trinidad and Tobago is recognize as a polluting nation sadly these countries have little impact on global view. Despite our shortcomings, internally there has been an intensified effort to effectively monitor record, control and enforce pollution reducing systems and strategies. Internationally the over site of Trinidad and Tobago (a country that can easily fit into the Orinoco River with a population that barely exceeds large town in the United States) has not deterred local efforts to manage the levels of air emissions.

New and Improved? : The processes of globalisation on spiritual practic

New and Improved? : The processes of globalisation on spiritual practices; illustrated by the global spread of Reiki. The processes of globalisation create an open market place for trade, but globalisation is also an exchange of cultures, of ideas and practices. Spiritual practices and rituals are one of the ways in which a culture reproduces itself and as such, is subject to hegemonic forces which act to alter the existing form. It has been said that Globalisation may be regarded as a threat to regionalized spiritual practices because there is a tendency to standardise them in an Americanised form, which is primarily Christian. One of the under explored aspects of the Internet is the cultural effects created by the exchange of spiritual ideas and practices online. As more people gain access to the World Wide Web, the diversity of spiritual information available increases exponentially. Exotic cultural practices, once only available to the privileged few who could afford to travel to exotic locations, is now available to millions of people across the globe, at the touch of a button. Gone are the days when spiritual practices are linked to a specific geographical area, with religions linked intimately to the histories and cultures of respective nations and ethnic groups. Spiritual rituals are undergoing a deterritorialisation, aided by new media. It has been suggested that the activities of individual religious groups will be increasingly characteristic of free competition on a global scale. Religion has always been a globalising phenomenon, with missionaries and pilgrims travelling to spread their version of the ‘Word’ to the unenlightened. According to Peter Beyer, â€Å"In the context of globalisation, all religions are increasingly under pressure to see themselves as universal in principle, whether historically they have or not.† Religions that have travelled across the globe have been spread, throughout history, by a network of the ‘Faithful’ leaving their home community, forming new communities as they travel, preaching and teaching their messages and rituals to their converts. Now these networks may be built and maintained electronically. As the printing press made the bible and religious texts available to the masses rather than just the clergy, so the Internet has given people the means to access spiritual information from other cultures and regions... ...pick=67 accessed 10/1/05 BEY, Hakim, The Information War, http://www.ctheory.net/text_file.asp?pick=64 accessed 10/1/05 http://www.ctheory.net/text_file.asp?pick=82 accessed 10/1/05 http://www.gseis.ucla.edu/faculty/kellner/essays/globalizationtechnopolitics.pdf accessed 10/1/05 http://www.mbay.net/~jmejia/book063.htm accessed 10/1/05 http://www.reikihealingpower.com/learn_reiki.htm accessed 10/1/05 INOUE, Nobutaka, 1997, 2001 The Information Age and the Globalization of Religion, http://www2.kokugakuin.ac.jp/ijcc/wp/global/06inoue2.html accessed 10/1/05 MILUTIS, Joe, Making the World Safe for Fashionable Philosophy! http://www.ctheory.net/text_file.asp?pick=390 accessed 10/1/05 ROBERTSON, Roland, Comments on the "Global Triad" and "Glocalization" http://www2.kokugakuin.ac.jp/ijcc/wp/global/15robertson.html accessed 9/1/05 SHIELDS, Rob, The Virtual, London and New York: Routledge, 2003, Reviewed by KELLNER, D., and Thomas, A. http://www.gseis.ucla.edu/faculty/kellner/essays/reviewthevirtual.pdf accessed 23/12/04 THIEME, Richard, Entering Sacred Digital Space: Seeking to Distinguish the Dreamer and the Dream, http://www.thiemeworks.com/ accessed 23/12/04

Bringing the constitutional presidency to life

The constitutional president in the United States of America is the president who has been elected by the citizens of the republic on majority votes. Bringing to the constitutional presidency to life is bringing the custom of electing presidents who would lead the country according to the constitution. Constitutional presidency The constitutional president leads the country in accordance to the powers that he has been given by the constitution and has a duty to lead the cabinet businesses.The president is the overall leader of the country is therefore responsible of hiring and firing cabinet. A constitutional president get to the position of presidency after the voting process has taken place as has been dictated by the constitution. No one has powers to ruin the presidents powers, may it be the civil or religion leaders. The president may use the religious believes of the country’s customs to dictate the undelegated power as he should understand the law of God and the law of nature in order to help him make such decisions.A constitutional president may make decisions of his freewill without consulting the delegates, such decisions may include amnesty of some petty crime victims and authorization of a bill to be passed as law for that to be a custom of the country in favor of the society. A constitution president is allowed to vie for the seat as many times as the constitution would allow him, he runs for a given number of times in which he shall not exceed if the constitution does not allow. Reference: Milis, D. & Nelson, T. (1979) American presidency, NY, Oxford University press

Free Essays on Iphigenia And Today

Our society isn’t much different from the society of the Greeks. In many ways, we are just like them. News stories are given to us in a format much like that of an ancient epic. We are given the meat of the story before we even know how the conflict started, and we are later given the outcome. We can see this in the case of the World Trade Center attacks. We awoke to hear the news of the towers being attacked, but it wasn’t until much later that we found out how and why. We still have yet to hear the end of that story, and I believe it will be quite a while yet before we do. Also, much like the Greeks, we, as Americans, believe we are the best country in the world. Until September 11th, we thought we were untouchable, and now we know we are untouchable as our government tightens our boarders and begins to regulate our means of travel. This is because of our recent â€Å"Trojan Horse:† the men who hijacked the planes were all living within the US. This had made ma ny people wander if we are too easy on foreigners who wish to enter our borders. If the Trojans would have been less allowing with what came through their walls, we might not have to think of them in terms of mythology. While Troy’s lack of forethought was good for the Greeks, it is still a loss for those of us who would have liked to know more about Troy’s past culture. While we resemble the Greeks in many ways, we still need to catch up to them in a few important things. Yes, I said we, not them. While they may not have had the technology of today, I believe their loyalties were in the right places. According to what I have been told in class, they put their gods first. I hardly ever speak to someone nowadays who actually does put his/her god first, be it Jesus, God, or any of the other gods people are worshipping. This is a sad thing to know. If we cannot put the entity that created us first in our lives, then what are our lives good for? The next most important thing... Free Essays on Iphigenia And Today Free Essays on Iphigenia And Today Our society isn’t much different from the society of the Greeks. In many ways, we are just like them. News stories are given to us in a format much like that of an ancient epic. We are given the meat of the story before we even know how the conflict started, and we are later given the outcome. We can see this in the case of the World Trade Center attacks. We awoke to hear the news of the towers being attacked, but it wasn’t until much later that we found out how and why. We still have yet to hear the end of that story, and I believe it will be quite a while yet before we do. Also, much like the Greeks, we, as Americans, believe we are the best country in the world. Until September 11th, we thought we were untouchable, and now we know we are untouchable as our government tightens our boarders and begins to regulate our means of travel. This is because of our recent â€Å"Trojan Horse:† the men who hijacked the planes were all living within the US. This had made ma ny people wander if we are too easy on foreigners who wish to enter our borders. If the Trojans would have been less allowing with what came through their walls, we might not have to think of them in terms of mythology. While Troy’s lack of forethought was good for the Greeks, it is still a loss for those of us who would have liked to know more about Troy’s past culture. While we resemble the Greeks in many ways, we still need to catch up to them in a few important things. Yes, I said we, not them. While they may not have had the technology of today, I believe their loyalties were in the right places. According to what I have been told in class, they put their gods first. I hardly ever speak to someone nowadays who actually does put his/her god first, be it Jesus, God, or any of the other gods people are worshipping. This is a sad thing to know. If we cannot put the entity that created us first in our lives, then what are our lives good for? The next most important thing...

Child Porn essays

Child Porn essays Fiber Optics Research Paper Fiber optics is a branch of optics concerning the transmission of light by means of optical fibers, which are thin strands of glass or other optically transparent materials. Optical fibers can be used to guide lightwhich is electromagnetic radiation in a certain frequency rangein much the same way that metal wave guides or coaxial cables can be used to guide lower-frequency electromagnetic radiation. An optical fiber is usually circular in cross section and consists of a core and cladding. An optical fiber for communication applications is typically between about 0.1 and 0.2mm (0.004 and 0.008 in) in diameter. In order that the light waves be guided by the fiber, the core must have a higher index of refraction than the cladding. One such fiber is called a step-index fiber because the index changes abruptly at the interface between the core and the cladding. An important variation of this structure is the graded-index fiber, so called because the index of refraction decreases smoothly outward from the In the step-index fiber, the light wave is guided by a process called total internal reflection. Only rays that have an angle of incidence at the core-cladding interface greater than the critical angle will be reflected back into the core and thus guided by the fiber. Some rays follow a longer path through the fiber than do others. Thus a pulse of energy entering the fiber undergoes dispersion. This effect limits the bandwidth of the fiber and reduces the amount of information it can transmit. This undesirable feature can be partly overcome by the use of graded-index fibers of proper design. Fiber optics is used in several areas of telecommunications. Advantages of optical fibers include their wide bandwidth, low attenuation, lightness, smal ...

Bells Palsy Medical Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Bells Palsy Medical Report - Essay Example Displacement of the mouth towards the unaffected side is also apparent. The patient may have difficulty closing his eyelids too hence it is very important to provide eye care to protect the cornea (Stein, & Miller, 2000). Pain behind the ear is also present. Interestingly, the patient may also experience crocodile tears, an excessive eye tearing on the onset of the disorder and at the time of recovery especially during chewing. Physical examination includes determination of muscle weakness. The physician may ask the patient to lift and lower eyebrows, tightly closing and opening of eyelids, and smiling to the ears. Although, a patient may be diagnosed with presenting muscle weakness, diagnostic tests like MRI, CT scan, electromyography (EMG), and nerve conduction velocity (NCV) are still required to rule out other underlying causes and illnesses. The cause of Bell’s palsy is unknown but it is believed to be preceded by respiratory infection like influenza and common colds. Diabetes is less likely a cause. A possible culprit is a viral agent particularly herpes simplex. This makes it possible to treat the disorder with corticosteroid drugs such as prednisone and dexamethasone together with acyclovir, an antiviral

Political science as the discipline Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Political science as the discipline - Essay Example The present research has identified that in the inaugural term, the structure of governance in the United States is examined by exploring the Constitution and the fundamental idea of the separation of powers. Once this foundation is laid, students learn about the importance of elections particularly focusing on the Congressional elections, Presidential elections, the role of the Electoral College and the gerrymandering of Congressional districts. The class undertakes to provide an in-depth exploration of the interactions between Congress and the President specifically on issues around gridlock, public opinion, and the media. This essay discusses that having examined how laws are made in the first semester; the second semester begins by exploring how laws are carried out by the bureaucracy as well as how such laws may bring the federal government into conflict with state governments. The researcher states that attention is switched to the role of the judiciary, where the students exam ine the influence of the Supreme Court on the American political process with special attention devoted to issues surrounding civil liberties and civil rights. This paper illustrates that during this duration, the student’s time is mostly devoted to investigating foreign policy in the context of the current challenges confronting the United States, as well as long-term debates surrounding exceptionalism and declinism.

Achieving Effective Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Achieving Effective Communication - Essay Example I have a 53% score for judging, which translates to a high preference for judging to perceiving. I prefer careful planning activities to the belief of improving on a situation or going by the feelings that are current. The urge for adventure is an outstanding factor evident from my profile. I prefer finding a solution to problems through new and innovative approaches to applying familiar means. When making considerations in any situation, I deliberate on the possibilities of the sequence of events rather than on apparent circumstances. I prefer to explore a variety of options, through which the course of events may assume to following the normality in the development of events. In making judgment, I am interested in the details leading to the realization of ideas, contrary to basing them on mere generalization of thoughts. I give room for the avoidance of strict observance of set regulations to come up with independent and rational results. In taking actions, as a response to occurre nces, I speculate about a number of options that can bring the best outcome, instead of acting instantly. I put trust in reason and independence of thought as compared to actions taken based on feelings. I admit no ambiguity when acting on situations and any step geared towards success should be unequivocal, in my opinion and beliefs. I undertake clearly defined plans, with explicit instructions, well formulated for the best possible outcome. My profile can be helpful in amicable conflict management at the workplace. The belief in the exploration of a number of options to find the best possible solution is a massive boost to nurturing conflict management skills. My profile also allows me to take instructions with utmost intensity and devotion towards them. Tolerance to a number of personality traits is a key factor that my profile allows me to integrate. This enables me to have dedicated interest and cooperation in team works, at the work place. Perfected negotiation skills, given t he high tolerance to diversity of personality traits, are a boost towards desirable relations with colleagues at the work place. My preference for clearly defined plans to undertake activities helps in improving the quality of outcomes at the workplace. I, therefore, would prefer working with high potential and trained personnel to colleagues who tend to be unprincipled at executing their roles. Intolerance to ambiguity and vagueness in the execution of duty at the work place is a compliment to desirable supervisory traits. I, therefore, can effectively undertake supervisory roles at the work place. Innovativeness to finding solutions to problems, as opposed to normal solutions, makes an impressive and enormous contribution towards having a desirable peer-to-peer relationship at the work place. I am able to conduct an employee assessment and personality improvement at the workplace, given my deep instinct in making rational, informed and sane judgments. In the overall sense, my prof ile enables me to have an enviable behavior at the work place given the close relations with colleagues and senior personnel. A complete contrast to my profile would be the introverted sensing feeling perceiving. Contrary to my profile, such a person is quick to make decisions based on premises that are not well thought-out. These premises lead to irrational conclusions that cannot serve the purpose for their formulation to the fullness of satisfaction.

Amazon Long Tail Essay Example for Free

Amazon Long Tail Essay The long tail is a phenomenon whereby firms can make money by offering a near-limitless selection the term was coined by Chris Anderson, an editor at Wired magazine, and I feel both Amazon and Netflix have a long tail model since they can offer things that many stores don’t carry so there is always something for someone. (Gallaugher) I feel like Amazon has done a great job of using the long tail method and have a limitless selection of anything someone could ever want or need. I find that I can see things I have never even dreamed about. I only buy books there but it is good to browse. Amazon â€Å"Offer{s} a nearly limitless selection and something interesting happens: there’s actually more money to be made selling the obscure stuff than the hits. At Amazon.com, roughly 60 percent of books sold are titles that aren’t available in even the biggest Borders or Barnes Noble Superstores†.(Anderson 2004) â€Å"Amazon.com is a Fortune 500 e-commerce company based in Seattle, WA. Amazon was one of the first big companies to sell goods over the Internet. The company was founded by Jeff Bezos in 1994, and launched in 1995. They started out as an online bookstore and then quickly diversified by adding other items, such as VHS tapes and DVDs, music CDs, software, video games, electronics, MP3s, clothing, furniture, toys and even food items.† (Schneider) â€Å"Amazon took its long tail strategy in a totally new direction, offering its Prime customers (those who pay a $79 annual fee for free 2-day shipping) a wide selection of streaming movies and television shows, for free. The move is a direct slap at Netflix, a company that started with a focus on renting hard-to-find, long tail DVDs but which has moved increasingly toward popular blockbusters as its video streaming operations ramp up. Amazon will not have nearly as many recent and popular releases in its free offer as Netflix, but for people who are open to Amazons viewing suggestions its hard to beat free† (Wunker, 2011). This can show how the differences of how companies charge money for similar services can affect the long tail view. I feel that it is hard to have a long tail kind of company because of the competition â€Å"The long tail gives the firm a selection advantage (or one based on scale) that traditional stores simply cannot match.† This is both true of Amazon and of Netflix while Netflix can stream its videos Amazon has to send out its products by post. (Gallaugher) â€Å"The IT Department at Amazon.com also has a massive responsibility, as they oversee an enormous system that is extremely reliable. Amazon.com describes their IT group as â€Å"system, database, and networking experts (that) build and operate highly reliable, scalable distributed systems with terabyte-sized databases and infrastructure that can handle a massive number customers (Schneider) Knowing all of this It is used makes it easier for Amazon to fine tune its company and find the best fits for its customers. It is true that Netflix and Amazon have an endless stock and don’t need to keep them in house but in time Amazon will fully own the business as it expands and offers more products for less. Amazon is global but it is unheard of to use Netflix here in Korea. I actually can use different free sites to stream free videos since the copy right laws in Korea are a bit flexible. In conclusion both companies seem to be doing well in the long tail area but Netflix may fail in the near future unless it ventures out to new and different things. Amazon will crush it if they don’t adapt soon.

Bosnian War Exploring Motives And Behaviour Of Perpetrators Criminology Essay

Bosnian War Exploring Motives And Behaviour Of Perpetrators Criminology Essay The main aim of this essay is to explore the motive, behaviour and policy of the perpetrators towards civilians and their enemy in the Bosnian Civil War from 1992 until 1995. The essay emphasizes common traits, behaviours of the perpetrators and identifies factors and elements that relate to their motives and aggression to commit mass killing and crimes against humanity. This essay will also explain the factors that drive people, who formerly co-habited harmoniously, to committing brutal acts of violence against their friends, neighbours and compatriots. The primary focus will be on three different ethnic groups in Bosnia during the conflict; the Serbs, the Bosnian Muslims and the Croats and the essay will focus more on the conflict between Serbs and Muslims. It will also focus upon violent acts committed by Serbs against Muslims; although as the war developed, Serbs also became victims of specific kinds of Croat and Muslim violence. Sometimes, it is difficult for scholars to determine the real reasons or motives that make ordinary people with no previous criminal record commit sudden brutal acts of violence. Focusing on the particular case of the ethnic conflict in Bosnia, this essay aims to demonstrate why behaviour and demeanour of the perpetrators of genocide and war crimes is important. This will help to highlight the personality of perpetrators and to illustrate the complexity of perpetrators behaviour and way of thinking. The perpetrator-focused research in Bosnia can be justified on a combination of moral, cognitive and practical grounds; it emphasizes the importance of circumstances as an explanation for perpetrator conduct; and suggests that Erwin Staubs concept of a continuum of destruction  [1]  reflecting the fact that a perpetrators behaviour can rapidly fluctuate between acts of cruelty and kindness.  [2]   The Bosnian Civil War was very complex and full of tragic events including the forced migration and killings of inhabitants based on their ethnicity, also known as ethnic cleansing. To achieve the objective on controlling territories, the perpetrators, usually with the full support from the largest ethnic group, violently displaced or killed members of other ethnic groups who stood in their way  [3]  . In all cases, assault on civilian populations was both an aim and instrument of war. The perpetrators included regular military, paramilitaries, militias, reservists, police, internal security forces or armed civilian group. The war in Bosnia was waged by ultranationalists who targeted civilians because they stood in the way of the idea of their national interest. This was achieved by ethnic cleansing, using violence and deportations of other ethnic communities who had previously lived together peacefully in Bosnia. For example, the Srebrenica massacre, the most infamous violent ac t by the perpetrators during the war, was described as the worst atrocity witnessed in the history of modern European world after the World War II  [4]  and the largest single war crime in Europe.  [5]   By demography, Bosnia is a multiethnic nation, in which there was no majority ethnic group. Out of the population of 4.4 million, Bosnian Muslims constituted 43.7 percent, Serbs constituted 31.4 percent, while Croats constituted 17.3 percent. Before the conflict erupted in 1992, Bosnia was an example of a harmonious society where Muslims, Serbs and Croats lived side by side, free of social subordination.  [6]  There had not been serious ethnic conflict after the World War II, and even though after the election in 1990 have made the ethnic relationship became more salient, the groups tried to resolve any conflict without any element of violence.  [7]  As a result, the vast majority of people in Yugoslavia co-existed in peace regardless of their ethnic or religious group. From one perspective, the war in Bosnia could be viewed as a clear-cut case of civil war which is an internal war among ethnic groups unable to agree on arrangements for sharing power. Similar to other civil wars, different parties who fought in this war had enjoyed substantial political and military backing from neighbouring states. The Serb and Croat paramilitaries involved volunteers from Serbia and Croatia, and were supported by nationalist political parties in those countries.  [8]  Although Bosnian independence was fully recognized by the United Nation, neither Serbia nor Croatia accepted the resolution. A further case could be made that the Bosnian Serb army was under the de facto control of the Yugoslav Army and Belgrade and was therefore an instrument of external aggression. A key factor to the conflict in Bosnia is the role of leaders as voices of extremism or nationalism. The attitude of Serbian leaders in Serbia and Bosnia played a crucial role in channelling the behaviour of ordinary Serbs against the Muslims and Croats. Shortly after the break-up of Yugoslavia, they led a nationalist movement, shape the progressions of events and made the decisions to lead the aggression against other ethnic groups. As an authority in the highest position, leaders could command the trust and obedience of their fellow ethnic, while the ordinary man could claim that there were just following orders from the authority.  [9]   Leaders in both Serbia and Croatia, sometimes aided by journalist, academics, and military organization, deliberately revived and exploited painful memories of the history of the former Yugoslavia in spreading the propaganda to create fear and hatred between ethnic groups. They exploited the brutality and atrocities among each other in the past especially in the Second World War and inflamed national sentiments between ethnic groups.  [10]  The Serb nationalist revival also led to intense public discussion of World War II about the atrocities of the Ustasha against Serbs. During 1980s, when tension among ethnic groups started to escalate, Serbs were often reminded about the massacres, betrayal, and continued hostility between Serbs, Croats and Muslims. In order to plant the seed of nationalism among fellow Serbs, Ustasha killings has been portrayed frequently in mass media, memoirs, plays, and history, and it became obvious when Milosevic ignited the fire of the Serbian nationali sm in everyday life especially on television.  [11]  Each side fears that they will be the victim of genocide if others gain political and military power in Bosnia and this reason has been justified by Serbian and Croatian nationalists to push their people into wars of self-defence.  [12]  Leaders of ethnic groups such as Franco Tudjman of Croatia, Alija Izetbegovic of Muslims, and Slobodan Milosevic and Radovan Karadzic of Serbia inflamed the sentiments on their people by taking several actions and implementing some policies which favoured on their side.  [13]  For example, Radovan Karadzic had warned the Bosnian government that if they choose independent, They will disappear. That people will disappear from the face of the earth.  [14]   In general, perpetrators are those who initiate, facilitate, or carry out acts of genocide or crimes against humanity. During the Bosnian conflict, the motive of the perpetrators could be classified into various categories. In order to eliminate what the respective perpetrators believed as a real or potential threat, as well as to spread terror among real or potential foes, mass killing and other atrocities were used.  [15]  It is quite difficult to fully understand the motives of the perpetrators because the individual and group changes that lead to increasingly vicious acts may become not only more comprehensible, but even seemingly natural. Perpetrators make many small and great decisions as they progress along the continuum of destruction. They choose leaders, adopt ideologies, create policies and plans, and engage in harmful and violent acts and their circumstances and characteristics move them in certain directions.  [16]   In order to facilitate the intention of expulsion or killing of other ethnic groups, military and paramilitary organizations were used as a common institutional structures. Such organizations enforce obedience, encourage conformity, provide training, desensitize their members responses to killing, and planted the ideology of the struggle to all member of the organization. All parties to the conflict in Bosnia are actually guilty of perpetrating abuse and violence, although to varying degrees. The main perpetrators of the abuses may vary from certain circumstances depending on which forces are in control in the particular territories. On the whole, however, the main aggressors have been the Serbian military and paramilitary forces. As the main offenders, they are in a position to inflict great damage and their policy of ethnic cleansing with the intention to dominate the whole Bosnia. For example, the infamous Arkans Tiger, one of the most ferocious Serbian paramilitary organizations which responsible for crimes committed to Muslims and Croats all across Bosnia, is a Belgrade-backed paramilitary organization where soldiers under his command brutally imprisoned, beat, raped, and executed non-Serb persons.  [17]  During the war, majority of the territory in Bosnia forcibly came under Serb domination and large segments of the Muslim population were either killed or expelled by paramilitary which actively participated in these operations in order to secure Serb control over territories.  [18]   While most of the Serbian perpetrators were conducted by a larger groups which is paramilitary or militia, the abuses attributable to Croats and Muslims were usually perpetrated by individual and do not associated with certain groups. Bosnian Croat and Muslims also found guilty of serious abuse of human right and crime against humanity. The destruction of Serbian property, removal by force, the detention and killing of the inhabitant in many cases appear to be known but little had been done to prove it. For example, by committing the crime against Serbs in Kravica and for other atrocities committed around the region, Naser Oric, a Bosnian Muslims, was convicted by the International Court Tribunal for failing to take measures to prevent the murder and cruel treatment of Serb prisoners.  [19]  As for the Croat atrocities, the terrifying violence perpetrated against the Serbian populations in Krajina after its recapture by the Croatian HVO organization led by Mladen Markac in August 1995 will not be easily forgotten.  [20]   Many of the abuses attributed to Serbian perpetrators have long followed a recognizable pattern that has come to be known as ethnic cleansing.  [21]  The primary aim of Serbian forces is to capture or gaining complete control of the whole territory and forcibly removing or killing non-Serbs the area. In most Serbian-held territories of Bosnia, pattern of abuses against non-Serbs were very clear and the method of abuses including rounding up the inhabitant, detaining in the concentration camp or just simply killing the civilian taken. Even though much of the abuses committed by the Serbs were done in group, there were such abuses were been done by individual soldiers or single military, policemen and home guard  [22]  . The nature of the abuses, and the pattern and frequency which take place indicates that there was no command from the superior to stop the abuses. The patterns of behaviour of the perpetrators during the conflict were obvious when the tension escalated during the war. During the conflict, behavioural patterns among ordinary soldiers indicated patterns of racial hatred and prejudiced, manifested both in their actions against their victims and their feelings towards each other. The decision to utilize a large number of perpetrators may also be influenced by certain political objectives. Those who initiate genocide may seek to gain support for their actions by allowing elements of society to satisfy their passions and greed at the expense of the victims.  [23]  By plunging large numbers of the population into murder, the forces encouraging the mass killing may more tightly bind the perpetrators to the regime. The perpetrators have emphasised on collectivistic value that make group membership central to personal identity. Such regimes have been particularly adept at using such collectivistic values to highlight boundaries between in-groups and out-groups by making extreme categorical judgements based on the polar opposites of good us versus bad them.  [24]  They have set in their mind that their cause is sacred; while the enemies are evil, they themselves as righteous, innocent or victimized; and others are wicked, guilty, and the victimisers. It is clear in this conflict that the Serbs always portrayed themselves as the victim of the evil regime of Ustasha that murdered hundreds of thousands of Serbs during World War II.  [25]   There were varieties of practices used by the perpetrators to make their reprehensible conducts acceptable and to distance them from the moral implications of their actions. For instance, there is a moral justification in which mass murder is made personally and socially acceptable by portraying it as serving socially worthy or moral purposes. Perpetrators may believe this rationalisation to such an extent that their evil is not only morally justifiable, but became a moral one.  [26]  Perpetrators can then justify their evil as essential to their own self-defence, in order to protect the cherished values of their community, fight ruthless oppressors, preserve peace and stability, save humanity from subjugation, or honour their national commitments. Moral disengagement is also facilitated by the dehumanisation of the victims.  [27]  By doing this, perpetrators categorized a group as inhuman when the target group can be readily identified as a separate category of people belonging to a different race, ethnic, religious or political group that the perpetrators regard as inferior or threatening. These isolated groups are stigmatised as subhuman and memories of their past misdeeds, real or imaginary, are activated by the dominant group. The dehumanisation of victims helps perpetrators to justify their aggressive, sadist and brutal behaviour. A common form of dehumanisation is the use of language to redefine the victims so they will be seen as warranting the aggression. The moral disengagement of the perpetrators is complemented by a vulgarity of language that dehumanises the victims. Consistently, perpetrators dehumanised their victims that the words themselves become substitutes for perceiving human beings. For example, in most cases, Serbs described the Muslims in derogatory term as Balijas'(dirty), Turkish yoke, uncultivated and wild dog.  [28]   One of the shocking elements in this conflict was that many of the violence and abuses were perpetrated by their own neighbours. Violence against neighbour emerges as a major theme in numerous accounts of war and ethnic cleansing in Bosnia, amidst cordial and amicable relations between Bosnian Muslims, Serbs and Croats. Before the conflict, ethnic relations in Yugoslavia is at satisfactory level, and many recall friendly and warm relations between neighbours, colleagues, or acquaintances of different ethnic or religious identities. Even once war began, many recognized that people of different ethnic or religious identity were not necessarily their enemies, and they believe that they can still get along together throughout the war.  [29]   At a glance, Serbs, Croats and Muslims saw each other as acquaintances, colleagues, neighbours, friends, and sometimes even relatives. However, deep in reality, they identified others as members of groups marked by history as enemies. These groups did not intend to make war, but there was an underlying latent and long lasting anger. This deep hatred were told by a Serb employee in the American Consulate to the American diplomat about his real feeling on Croat sometimes when he looked into their eyes, he could not help recalling the blood that stained the hands of those responsible for the slaughter of Serbs during the Second World War  [30]  . The War in Bosnia developed into a nightmare for the different ethnic groups, which had lived there in relative peace since the end of the Second World War. The peace was not meant for last forever, as ethnic leaders had created an atmosphere of mutual fear and hatred that led to three and a half years of conflict and terror  [31]  . Many survivors of ethnic cleansing during the conflict have told a series of attacks by their former neighbours. Rezak Huzanovic, a former detainee in Omarska camp, writes in his memoir about his Serbian neighbour who joined in the killing and torture. They were our neighbours and then they burnt our houses. At Prijedor, local Serbs joined in murders and ethnic cleansing.  [32]  Refugees repeatedly told about series of attacks by friends or neighbours they knew well. In Foca in Southern Bosnia, one woman told about her Serbian neighbour showed up in her family home late night with machine gun and detained his husband. In fact, we had coffee with him a day before.  [33]   Multiple similar accounts both at the time of ethnic cleansing and afterwards make clear the strong grassroots element to ethnic cleansing and violence which were carried out in various parts of Bosnia. It is true that neighbours did not carry out ethnic cleansing alone. Witnesses, reporters, and investigators working for human rights group also made clear how paramilitary forces and militia swept through many Bosnian communities, carrying out violent act and killing, and the fighters in these forces included teenagers, peasants, locals who had also grown up in this multiethnic Yugoslavia pledged to the concept of brotherhood and unity.  [34]   A point to note that the same neighbour of everyday life can mutate into an enemy when seen as a figure in a long-term historical narrative of nationalist struggle. Accounts of close relations between neighbours typically recall scenes of everyday life, of individuals as friends, classmates, and colleagues. Stories of ethnic rivalry, on the other hand, present narratives in which the same individuals function as members of enemy nations. This same paradox of a friendly neighbour who kills can be described with the concept of cognitive frames or a mental structure which situates and connects events, people and groups into a meaningful narrative.  [35]   Apart from that, a particular structure of nationalism plays a key role in generating ethnic cleansing in Bosnia. As an ideology of ethnic cleansing, nationalism is more a story than simply a form of identity. Within national narratives, the nation as an entity is viewed as the real protagonist. National narratives tend to be similar in their structure; they present their hero, the nation, as unique in suffering; and they depict the national narratives of rival nations as valid.  [36]   Concerning the perpetrators motives, they emphasized of betrayal and victimization that links to national narratives. Stories of national struggle recount attacks and even treason by other nations. These stories display hatred of the enemies of the ethnic groups, and for this reason they can be described as national hate narratives.  [37]  The nations enemies are inherently and irredeemably bad, and for this reason the problems created by the hated group can be resolved by its removal, disappearance, or destruction. For Serbs, they were being indoctrinated as the victims of the Ustasha and Muslim atrocities during the Second World War. They saw other ethnic groups as a real threat, and in order to ensure that the history would not happened again, and to ensure their own survival, they collectively eliminate the threat by killing others  [38]  . The Bosnian conflict brought the practice of killing based on ethnicity suggests that these violations were not random acts carried out by a few dissident soldiers. This policy has been masterminded by Serbian political and military leaders which is being systematically planned and strategically executed with the support of the Serbian and Bosnian Serb armies and paramilitary groups to create a Greater Serbia which will resulted in a religiously, culturally, and linguistically homogenous Serbian nation.  [39]   Some scholars, politician and commentators were quick to point out that the war was caused by the ancient hatreds that the various ethnic groups bore toward one another.  [40]  This is inaccurate, because the multi ethnic groups of former Yugoslavia did not coexist in ancient times at all; they were only joined together after the creation of the Yugoslav in 1918. Contrary to some world leaders, commentators and scholars claims that this ancient hatreds stemming from a long history of conflict and ethnic cleansing in the Balkans were responsible for the conflict  [41]  , the reality, however was different. Rather than ancient hatreds, the conflict in Bosnia reflected a combination of various factors. The term ancient ethnic hatreds were manipulated by opportunist during the break-up of Yugoslavia, exploited and revitalized by ethnic group leaders such as Slobodan Milosevic in Serbia, Radovan Karadzic in Bosnia and Franjo Tudjman in Croatia as their hold on power slipped. Each of them felt that the idea of establishing an ethnically pure state would contribute of the expansion of their political power and to strengthen their position as a leader of each nation.  [42]   A generation of historians and social scientists has come out with the idea that the factors of ancient hatreds had broken apart Yugoslavia. In some cases, the discussions of ancient hatred made actual violence inevitable, but the key episodes in narratives of national victimization were already well known before the Titos death, and these episodes came from many periods and places rather from any one region such as Bosnia. For Serbs, the key events of ancient hatred depicted in a narrative of national struggle and victimization included the Battle of Kosovo of 1389, the First World War, and Serbs mass killing by Usthasa and the Partisan in the Second World War in Bosnia. The war in Bosnia cannot be explained by theories of inevitable ethnic hatreds, even when such explanations conveniently excuse outsiders from the responsibilities of intervening. Previously, there were several racial and historical disputes in the former Yugoslavia but it was put down wisely by Tito. The rhetoric of national interest became increasingly nationalist in the sense of defining one group and its goals in opposition to another.  [43]   The sentiment of being oppressed where clearly documented in Memorandum of the Serbian Academy Arts and Sciences which was a draft published by Serbian intellectual and scholars in 1986. This memorandum became controversial because it underlined the discrimination of the Serbs in Yugoslavia and had claim that Serbs were inferior to other ethnic groups in the Republic of Yugoslavia. This seventy four page memorandum, which became a bible for Serb nationalist, incited nationalism among Serbs in Yugoslavia. Serbs claimed that Titos policies had discriminated Serbia and also weakened Serbia politically and economically in the Republic. Serbs, especially nationalists, inspired by the memorandum, argued that the time had come for all Serbs to restore their national pride by becoming the dominant ethnic groups in Yugoslavia.  [44]   Apart from eliminating the real threat of the enemy, the perpetrators also wanted to spread terror among the enemies in order to show their dominance and authorization. To show their supremacy, mass rape and other forms of sexual violence were conducted as an act of dehumanizing the ethnic rivals.   When committed on a mass scale and in certain patterns, such as in front of family members or in public, sexual violence can communicate an intent to destroy the group, or the very foundation of a particular group, and this is particularly true perhaps in social, cultural and religious communities where acts of sexual violence not only shame and humiliate the victim, but also tear the core foundation of that community.  [45]  It appears that when committed on a mass scale and in certain patterns, sexual and gender-based violence may have communicative value and as such may have something to say about the intention of the perpetrator. The systematic rape of women from other ethnic gr oups was purposely designed to reach the very foundations of the group.   The main motive of systematic rape is to show the more powerful ethnic groups to demoralize the others through terror and humiliation. Rape and sexual assault on women were common during all stages of the conflict and occurred on all sides, but a lengthy report compiled by United Nation Commission of Experts had found extensive evidence of Bosnian Serbs sexual assault on Muslim women. Mass and systematic rape took place often in a detention camp and in all, UN Commission compiled reports of mass rape cases from fifty seven different location in Bosnia.  [46]   Sexual violence perpetrated against Bosnian Muslim and Bosnian Croat women during the Bosnian conflict was intimately tied to the process of destruction of their ethnic group. The mass scale, the extremely public and humiliating nature of the rapes and the systematic nature in which they were committed, clearly shows the violation of the core foundation of the group. This systematic rape were not only destroying womens capacity to reproduce, but some rapes also resulted in what both victim and perpetrator considered to be children of a new ethnicity.   In patriarchal societies such as in the Balkans, the perpetrators of rape knew that the victim and her community would experience forced pregnancy as a way to transmit a new ethnic identity to the child.   Perpetrated on a systematic scale, this pattern provides persuasive evidence of intent to violate the very foundation of the group.  [47]   However, most above all, the motive of the perpetrators to commit such violent act was based on a belief or an ideology. Inflamed by the rhetoric of nationalism sentiment of their leaders, the perpetrators of such violence are usually clear about their objectives to established a pure single ethnic nation and anxious to exclude non-nationals and potentially disloyal minorities. The intention of the force removal of different ethnic population is very clear, which is to benefit the more powerful groups or ethnic in order to establish a single ethnic nation. Despite removing others from their existing place, the roots of practice are more closely tied to ideology.  [